Purity and Worship

O you who have believed, when you rise to [perform] prayer, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankles. …

Context Madinan. It goes on to ghusl (a full wash) and tayammum with clean earth.

Wudu in four acts: wash the face, the arms to the elbows, wipe the head, and the feet.

Most read "your feet" with the washed parts, so the feet are washed. Shi'i scholars, following another recitation, read it with the head, so the feet are wiped.

أَقِمِ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ لِدُلُوكِ ٱلشَّمۡسِ إِلَىٰ غَسَقِ ٱلَّيۡلِ وَقُرۡءَانَ ٱلۡفَجۡرِۖ إِنَّ قُرۡءَانَ ٱلۡفَجۡرِ كَانَ مَشۡهُودٗا ﴿٧٨﴾

Establish prayer at the decline of the sun [from its meridian] until the darkness of the night and [also] the Qur'an of dawn. Indeed, the recitation of dawn is ever witnessed.

Context Makkan, from al-Isra. 11:114 and 4:103 also speak of prayer at set times.

From the sun's decline to the dark of night, and at dawn. Scholars read this as covering Dhuhr, 'Asr, Maghrib, 'Isha and Fajr.

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيۡكُمُ ٱلصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبۡلِكُمۡ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَتَّقُونَ ﴿١٨٣﴾

O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous -

Context Madinan, from al-Baqarah. The next verses excuse the sick and travellers, who make up the days (2:184-185).

Fasting is not new: it was prescribed for those before. Its aim is taqwa, being mindful of Allah.

۞إِنَّمَا ٱلصَّدَقَٰتُ لِلۡفُقَرَآءِ وَٱلۡمَسَٰكِينِ وَٱلۡعَٰمِلِينَ عَلَيۡهَا وَٱلۡمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمۡ وَفِي ٱلرِّقَابِ وَٱلۡغَٰرِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱبۡنِ ٱلسَّبِيلِۖ فَرِيضَةٗ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٞ ﴿٦٠﴾

Zakah expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect [zakah] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for freeing captives [or slaves] and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the [stranded] traveler - an obligation [imposed] by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.

Context Madinan, from at-Tawbah. The Quran pairs zakah with prayer many times (e.g. 2:43).

Zakah goes to eight named groups: the poor, the needy, its collectors, hearts to be won, captives, debtors, Allah's cause, and stranded travellers.